What general process includes encoding, storage, and retrieval?

The correct answer is memory because it encompasses the entire process of information handling within the cognitive system. Memory involves three critical stages: encoding, which is the transformation of information into a format that can be stored; storage, which is the maintenance of that information over time; and retrieval, which is the process of accessing and bringing stored information back into consciousness when needed. This comprehensive process allows individuals to retain and utilize knowledge and experiences from the past.

Learning, while closely related, specifically refers to the acquisition of new information or skills and does not inherently include the processes of storage and retrieval after initial acquisition. Attention plays a pivotal role in determining what information gets encoded into memory but, on its own, does not represent the full cycle of memory. Reproduction typically refers to the act of recalling or expressing information rather than encompassing the broader processes of encoding and storage. Thus, memory is the most comprehensive and accurate choice reflecting the entire process.