Arizona State University (ASU) PSY101 Introduction to Psychology Exam 2 Practice

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• Which approach emphasizes understanding the audience's perspective during communication?
• What term is used to describe the physiological cycle that repeats approximately every 24 hours?
• During which decade of life do individuals typically experience a 'reminiscence bump' regarding memories?
• What is the process called when a conditioned response occurs to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus?
• Which method can help visualize data for an audience to improve understanding?
• Which type of memory is primarily responsible for the temporary storage of sensory information?
• Who is known for conducting experiments that emphasized the role of reinforcement in learning?
• What can emotional causes potentially lead to in psychological terms?
• What is the term for keeping information in memory for later use?
• Which cognitive error is characterized by making decisions without properly considering statistical realities?
• What type of reinforcement schedule is associated with giving rewards every time a desired behavior is exhibited?
• What is the term used when a conditioned response reappears after a period of extinction and no exposure?
• How does negative reinforcement differ from positive reinforcement?
• Which process involves adjusting the biological clock to match the external environment?
• What can lead individuals to believe that a specific event is more likely to occur than it actually is?
• What does the term 'schema' most closely relate to in psychology?
• Which process is critical for moving information from working memory to long-term memory?
• What is the term for providing something pleasant to increase the likelihood of a behavior?
• What involves recalling information but inaccurately attributing it to the wrong source?
• Which term describes a tool or technique used to assist in memory recall, often involving creating a word association?
• Which sleep disorder is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness?
• What psychological effect can result from the repeated suggestion of an event that an individual did not experience personally?
• Which term describes the ability to differentiate between similar stimuli and respond only to the original conditioned stimulus?
• What happens in the process of extinction?
• What type of abuse is being defined as the use of physical force that can result in harm?
• In decision-making, 'objective value' refers to what aspect?
• What is an example of a secondary reinforcer?
• Which type of consequence involves providing something that is unpleasant?
• Which gland is responsible for the release of melatonin?
• Which memory sin can lead to a firmly held false memory when exposed to repeated suggestions?
• What type of behavior change is the goal of using positive reinforcement?
• Which of the following describes a cognitive bias where the probability of an event is misjudged due to reliance on stereotypes?
• Which term refers to the ability to recall the last items in a list most effectively?
• What is the overall goal of reinforcement in behavior training?
• What is the term that refers to the understanding and interpretation of information as it is encoded?
• What effect does actively testing oneself on material have on retention?
• Which strategy involves reviewing past experiences to inform current decisions?
• Infantile amnesia refers to:
• In Pavlov's experiment, what did the bell represent once the dogs learned to associate it with food?
• In terms of probability, why is larger sample sizes often regarded as more reliable?
• Which term refers to the psychological framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information?
• What is the term for the initial phase in classical conditioning where an association between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus is made?
• What type of memory has a very brief duration and is limited by attention?
• What method tests your knowledge and reinforces encoding into long-term memory?
• Which stage involves recalling information from memory after it has been stored?
• What concept describes the ability to better retrieve information in the same state of consciousness in which it was encoded?
• What lifestyle change is recommended to help alleviate insomnia?
• In preparing for an exam, what is an effective method that combines learning over time with good rest?
• Which term refers to a psychological condition that can be caused by emotional factors, characterized by memory loss?
• Which term describes a behavior that is consistently followed by a reward?
• What factor might contribute to memory decay in older adults?
• What does the term 'unconditioned' in unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response refer to?
• What is the name of the nucleus located within the hypothalamus that plays a key role in regulating circadian rhythms?
• Which memory sin involves the difficulty of retrieving information due to distractions?
• What hormone is primarily responsible for regulating sleep-wake cycles?
• At what time does body temperature typically drop according to daily physiological patterns?
• What is the principle called that describes the phenomenon of recalling the first items in a list better than those in the middle?
• What function does melatonin primarily have in the body?
• What general process includes encoding, storage, and retrieval?
• Which fallacy suggests that previous outcomes affect the probabilities of future events in random scenarios?
• At what age does memory performance generally peak, according to psychological studies?
• What type of learning involves consequences such as reinforcement and punishment?
• Which type of individual is commonly referred to as a "morning person" based on their daily behavior?
• How were observations conducted in Skinner's experiments involving rats?
• How many items can the average working memory hold according to the "magic number" rule?
• Which type of memory allows for the temporary storage of information for about 20 seconds?
• Which of the following is a factor that can lead to false memories?
• What term describes problems that require arranging elements in a systematic way to find a solution?
• Which of the following is a core concept related to operant conditioning?
• What is the mistake of ignoring the size of a sample when evaluating probability known as?
• What term describes the everyday experiences that influence dream content?
• What is the first step in the memory process?
• When a memory is influenced or altered by external suggestions, it is referred to as what?
• What is a critical benefit of using visual aids in presentations?
• What part of the eye detects light and sends messages to the hypothalamus?
• What does functional fixedness refer to in problem-solving?
• Which of the following categorizes various conditions affecting memory, such as organic amnesias and dissociative disorders?
• Persistence relates most closely to what concept in memory?
• What neurological condition involves physically moving while asleep, such as kicking or sleepwalking?
• What is the process called when information is organized into manageable chunks to enhance memory?
• What does shaping refer to in the context of behavior modification?
• Which of the following is an example of a transformation problem?
• What is likely required during the process of determining subjective probabilities?
• What is the term for the mental lapse of forgetting an important detail due to distraction or lack of attention?
• What must occur before a child can physically demonstrate a learned behavior?
• What psychological concept refers to what a dream appears to be at first glance?
• Which brain structure regulates daily rhythms, including temperature and hunger?
• What psychological phenomenon occurs when a person struggles to solve problems due to a pre-existing approach?
• What is the concept of 'unnecessary constraints' often related to?
• What is the effect of intermittent reinforcement on behavior?
• Which term describes someone who is most active during the night?
• What term refers to applying a previous successful method to a current problem?
• Who conducted experiments using dolls to demonstrate learning through observation?
• Which bias involves ignoring the overall frequency of an event and instead relying on specific examples?
• What term refers to the struggle to suppress unwanted memories from the past?
• Which of the following refers to the cognitive error of thinking that the likelihood of a random event increases due to recent occurrences?
• In psychology, the ability to maintain focus and concentration on specific stimuli is known as what?
• What psychological phenomenon describes the misconception of probability when considering two events together rather than separately?
• What is a Skinner box primarily used to study?
• Which bias occurs when individuals do not accurately factor in the actual base rates in their assessments?
• Which cognitive bias leads individuals to estimate the likelihood of an event based on immediate examples or occurrences?
• In cognitive psychology, what does a mental set imply about an individual's problem-solving ability?
• Which type of reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior?
• Which type of memory allows for recall of information rehearsed over time?
• Which of the following is NOT classified as a memory sin?
• When does the body temperature usually start to rise according to circadian rhythms?
• What characterizes long-term memory in terms of capacity?
• Which of the following is an essential prerequisite for memory retention?
• What does 'subjective utility' analyze?
• Which of the following processes describes the result of prior experiences affecting current memory retention?
• What is termed as the tendency to estimate the probability of an event based on its similarities to a prototype?
• What term describes the gradual weakening of memory pathways when they are not used?
• In Bandura's Bobo doll study, how did children learn behaviors according to the observation method?
• According to psychological theories, what are dreams primarily associated with?
• What type of learning occurs when individuals watch and imitate the behavior of others?
• Which type of reinforcement is considered unconditional and is present from birth?
• How does ignoring base rates lead to faulty reasoning?
• What term refers to when previously learned information interferes with the ability to learn new information?
• In terms of dream analysis, what does latent content refer to?
• Which type of memory is most likely to fail if the information is not rehearsed effectively?
• What term best describes a memory disturbance where a person retains memories of traumatic events but finds it difficult to recall other information?
• What psychological phenomenon denies the memory of a traumatic event, though the individual may still remember aspects of it?
• Which concept refers to when new learning disrupts the recall of previous information?
• Which of the following best describes the principle of reinforcement in operant conditioning?
• What term refers to the automatic response that occurs when an unconditioned stimulus is presented?
• During what stage do individuals process information to make sense of it?
• Which type of rhythm lasts longer than 24 hours and can include monthly cycles?
• What is the ideal period for spacing learning sessions to achieve maximum retention?
• Which concept describes how our expectations can shape our recollections?
• What is the base rate's significance in evaluating the reliability of a sample?
• In a classical conditioning experiment, what happens when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus?
• What aspect of sleep is REM behavior disorder associated with?
• During which part of the day are hummingbirds most active?
• Which principle suggests that emotional states during learning can influence later memory retrieval?
• What do heuristics typically aim to achieve in problem-solving?
• Which type of problem involves an analogy or relationship between words?
• What is the primary treatment method for insomnia as mentioned in the text?
• Which term refers to the phenomenon where an individual may forget why they entered a room due to a disruption in working memory?
• What is the effect of relaxing activities before bed on sleep quality?
• How can emotions associated with a memory influence future recall of that memory?
• What does positive punishment entail in the context of behavioral reinforcement?
• What term refers to the return of a conditioned response after a period of non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus?
• Which term describes the inability to see alternative uses for an object due to a learned fixed perception?
• Who proposed the theory of wish fulfillment related to dreams?
• Which problem-solving method involves trying out various solutions until one works?
• In the context of Pavlov's dogs, what would be considered the unconditioned stimulus?
• In the context of reinforcement, what does 'delayed reinforcement' refer to?
• Which term describes the phenomenon where previously reinforced behaviors are no longer reinforced, leading to a decrease in that behavior?
• Which experiment is most famously associated with B.F. Skinner?